Two Approaches to Relieving Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two Approaches to Relieving Poverty - Essay Example To take out destitution Grameen Bank has purchased an answer which they call banking for poor people. Grameen Bank is established by Muhammad Younus who won the Noble Peace prize for his Bank. It is a network advancement bank which depends on microfinance credits. The thought behind the arrangement of this bank is that the needy individuals have numerous aptitudes which are not being used. The bank gives little advances without the prerequisite of guarantee. It likewise acknowledges stores and runs numerous organizations including phone and texture business. The most astounding point about the credit program of this bank is that most of the advance takers are ladies. Grameen Bank has changed the conduct towards ladies in a customary Muslim society where ladies are oppressed to numerous social indecencies. (Younus, 80) In Bangladesh the all out ladies work power is just 9%. Be that as it may, Grameen Bank is the best in connecting with ladies in financial exercises. Ladies support in Bank's exercises is continually on the ascent. In the event that this keeps on happening the bank will get select for ladies. There are numerous examples of overcoming adversity of ladies like Ammajan Amina and sufiya begum who began bamboo business effectively. The Grameen bank model has expert

4 Things You Need to Raise Your Freelance Writing Rate

OK. Youve been independent composition for some time now yet you still arent making any progress. The vast majority of your tasks are unique cases or specially appointed pieces and nothing is reliable. Youre not certain why since you feel your rate is sensible and that youre a decent author. All in all, why arent you getting by from your independent composing business? For what reason does seven days pass by and all youve submitted would one say one is receipt for one 500-word post? This is on the grounds that youre not raising your rate. Sounds nonsensical doesnt it? Raise my rates and Ill get more work? All things considered, yes and no. Theres more to it, yet well get to that in a piece. In any case, first, in the event that you have no opportunity to peruse this post, look at my YouTube video on the best way to raise your independent composing rate and make a point to buy in to my YouTube channel! Your Rate Can Attract or Repel Clients At the point when I originally began, I cited a low rate †$.04/word. I was new and I wasnt sure how much worth I could give so I figured it was more than what substance plants were requesting, yet not as much as what experienced journalists were citing. What I found however, was I was repulsing quality customers. Rather, I was drawing in lower quality customers. It couldn't be any more obvious, low quality customers dont care about your composition or your value. They just consideration about time and how much substance you can write in a set timeframe (Pssta part of these customers stick around Upwork and other independent commercial centers that way). These sorts of customers run their substance on a time sensitive model and need modest substance quick. I knew I didnt need to remain at that level. My time was constrained and I truly needed to concentrate on producing enough pay to live on. I learned from the get-go it was my rate that was keeping me down. It wasnt until I raised my rates that I before long was pulling in quality customers. Youre likely reasoning, yet how would I do that? In the event that youre stuck producing work for pennies Im sure you cannot envision raising your rate. Youre apprehensive that in the event that you raise your rate, you wont land any customers. Would i be able to disclose to you somewhat mystery? In the event that you SHOW prospects your WORTH, they will pay your rate. How would you do this when youre new? In the event that you need to raise your rate there are a couple of things you can do to show prospects your value. I found that once I did these four things, it was anything but difficult to hop from $.04/word to $.10/word and afterward to $.20/word and now upwards towards $.30/word †in less than a year. Need to know how I had the option to raise my rate 650%? 1. Approve of the Loss Lets get genuine here. Because you settled on the inward choice to go from $.05/word to $.10/word doesnt mean possibilities will scramble to enlist you since they unexpectedly understand your incentive as an essayist. This is the thing that will occur: a possibility gets in touch with you for blog content and requests your rate. You react by connecting to some example pieces in their specialty and you give them your rate (that you faltered about, yet chose its value an attempt to cite your top of the line rate) and press send. After two days you get an email that possibly says this: Guess what? With each rate increment, I receive a few of these messages consequently. Yet, at that point, there will be one possibility that doesnt flutter an eyelash and acknowledges my proposed rate. Along these lines, on the off chance that you need to chip away at raising your rate, you should approve of the likelihood that you wont land a customer at this new rate for some time. Be that as it may, consider the possibility that you cannot manage the cost of not having work for a little while. I get it. You NEED cash so youre going to continue pitching your low rate to make sure you can get ANY work. I comprehend. Be that as it may, take a stab at pitching your better quality rate each fifth pitch you convey. At the outset, youre going to be working for lower paying customers, developing your notoriety and your portfolio. Youre additionally going to go to and fro pitching another rate until you land a customer with that new rate. Also, it will occur. Trust me. 2. Update Your Portfolio This is basic to raising your rate. Possibilities need to see quality examples in their specialty. Be that as it may, before all else, you will probably go anyplace, from any site, correct? After you handled your initial not many visitor posts and possibly have a customer piece up on your portfolio, you presently need to truly chip away at establishing a connection with your composition. This is the point at which you attempt to land visitor spots on well known destinations like Smart Bloggerâ or Scary Mommy for instance. Contingent upon your specialty, you need to land visitor posts on famous destinations in your specialty. You additionally need to begin pruning your portfolio and expel pieces that: Dont mirror your best composition Arent in a specialty you need to get paid to compose for Make a point to put the portfolio pieces in your favored specialty first on your page. At the point when I initially began independent composition, my portfolio page was only an assortment of any post I had a byline for. I was euphoric to land a visitor post and elated once I landed customers. There was no justifiable purpose to my portfolio. It wasnt until some time in 2015 that I sorted my portfolio pieces and put forth a cognizant attempt to feature my best pieces first. Presently, Im featuring pieces in my expected specialty †advanced advertising . Thus, before you go raising your rate, investigate your portfolio. It is noteworthy? Do you have a decent number of value articles and posts in your specialty? Do you have posts on famous locales? When these are set up, your worth expands which makes your new high rate intelligent in a possibilities mind. Get out there and pitch (and visitor post as well)! All that difficult work will pay off. Im welcoming key specialists to helpâ my course members of Write Your Way to Your First $1k over in the private Facebook gathering. Its not very late to join! 3. Tidy Up Your Website I as of late expounded on various approaches to draw in customers with your site since I re-vamped my whole site. Having an expert looking site for your independent composing will assist you with instructing a higher rate. Consider the possibility that you dont have the spending plan to dish out for a premium or redid WordPress topic. That is alright. You can at present have an expert looking free WordPress site. You have to recollect that possibilities cannot meet you eye to eye. They can just decide who you are from your site or Skype meeting. Along these lines, in the event that you have an expert looking website, possibilities will trust you are a genuine business and not some mother blogger writing in her room. ðÿ˜‰ All in all, what makes a site look proficient? Its moderate †theres not a ton of messiness on your site and your menu is anything but difficult to explore Its simple to peruse †Is your substance width excessively long? Do you need to continue looking over and looking to peruse your site? Is your text style little? These seemingly insignificant details can kill a possibility rapidly Does your duplicate address the customer? †Are you exhibiting the advantages to possibilities once they recruit you? Here are some expert destinations from independent essayists: Brent Jones is an independent publicist, online life administrator and email advertiser. At the point when you go to his site, you can in a flash tell hes not doing this as a side interest. He implies business. Maham Chappals site doesnt mess about. When you land on her site, she promptly addresses the customer. Her site is straightforward yet profoundly enhanced for getting business. Kaleigh Moore is a publicist and internet based life advisor. Her site is a much needed refresher. Its simple to peruse, loaded with void area and its simple to explore. You can wager these essayists arent taking gigs beneath $100. 4. Snatch Some Testimonials The exact opposite thing you ought to do before you begin raising your rates is to snatch a few tributes. Social verification is extremely popular now and on the off chance that you dont have others vouching for your marvelous composing abilities, good karma attempting to persuade an all out outsider to recruit you. New customers need that social gesture from others that you are justified, despite all the trouble. Be that as it may, imagine a scenario where youre so new you dont even have a customer to request a tribute. That is fine. At the point when I previously began †and before I had a customer †I requested that other independent journalists give me a tribute. Approach your family for one.â Maybe your sister needs assistance with her rã ©sumã © or your brother by marriage needs some duplicate for his stores most recent commercial. You can even do a deal with neighborhood organizations. Give some substance in return to a tribute. Utilize these little cases to request shining tributes. And afterward put them on your landing page. Exhibiting your best tributes on your landing page persuades a possibility immediately that youre the genuine article. Shouldn't something be said about Writing? Did you notice I didnt incorporate improve your composition as something you have to build your rate? Composing is just a little part in your independent composing business. In all honesty promoting, systems administration and learning best practices in our industry is the thing that will assist you with raising your rates. Two or three months back I got a message on Twitter from Kevin J. Duncan of Be a Better Blogger welcoming me to compose for OptinMonster. Above all else, I never associated with Kevin and just knew about him through his posts on Smart Blogger. So getting any gesture from him was tremendous in my book. Be that as it may, at that point he welcomed me to compose for OptinMonster. What a stunning chance! This all came about in light of my associations with Adam Connell and Sue Ann Dunlevie. By putting resources into blogger exceed and having them as customers, I had the option to land this astonishing gig. Presently, Im not saying if youre a poor essayist you can in any case make several dollars a post. What I am stating is if youre a decent author in the first place and you have the energy and want to continue learning, through time you will normally improve as an essayist. One more thing to likewise remember when setting your rate and raising your rate is something Brent Jones referenced on his blog that, [Y]ou dont must be a specialist, you simply need to accomplish something your customer cant, or have the opportunity to accomplish something your customers doesnt have. Let that hit home for some time. Prepared to Raise Your Rate? All in all, would you say you are prepared? Make sense of your new rate and work on these four

Strategies for Significantly Reducing Employee Churn

Strategies for Significantly Reducing Employee Churn Employees in the modern world don’t tend to stick around with a single company throughout their careers. Whilst there are many reasons for employees departing ways with an organization, high employee churn rate can be detrimental for a business. © Shutterstock | EpicStockMediaIn this guide, we’ll explore why organizations should actively work to reduce the employee churn rate and explore the reasons behind it. We’ll also tell you  how to analyze and assess the churn rate, and present five effective strategies for reducing employee churn.WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO REDUCE EMPLOYEE CHURN RATE?Employee churn rate, which refers to the number of employees leaving the organization and being replaced by a new employee, is a serious issue for many of today’s companies.In fact, the first reason organizations should care about the rate is simply down to it happening often in most companies and industries.Life Work Solutions’, a company providing retention and consulting services, research found in 2008, that half of recruits across sectors leave the organization within two years. One in four recruits pack their backs within six months. Furthermore, the study found around 70% of organizations struggling to replace these spots swift ly.The second essential factor in caring about the employee churn rate relates directly to the above. High employee churn rate and the difficulties in finding replacement also mean high costs for the organization.Right Management, a career and talent consulting firm, found in its research that it costs nearly three times an employee’s salary to replace them. In another similar study, the Center for American Progress found it costs 1/5 of the annual salary of the employee. In fact, in the Life Work Solutions study, 70% of the organizations didn’t only complain about the struggle of finding a replacement, but also the negative financial impact it has on them.What are the costs associated to employee churn?Finding the new recruit â€" Including hiring a recruitment company, spending money on setting applications, etc.Severance â€" In certain instances, the organization might be required to pay severance to the employee.Losses in productivity â€" While the organization is looking for a replacement, it might suffer from decreased productivity.Lost opportunities â€" The employee might have been highly talented and this can be a financial lost opportunity, for instance.Training the new recruit â€" Whether the organization transfers someone to the new role within the company or hires someone new, the training process will add extra costs.Finally, higher levels of employee churn can pose an operational challenge for the organization. Continuous changes in the workforce can affect the company culture, which can suffer consequently. It’s difficult to build a good team if the turnover is high. Furthermore, the overall morale of the remaining employees might drop if people around them are leaving. If they need to also take on additional responsibilities, then productivity and morale can be further impacted.In service industries, high churn rate can also impact client relationships. Building a strong relationship is harder if the manager of the relationship is constant ly changing.Read this worldwide trend report on employee retention.[slideshare id=13519368doc=worldwidetrendsinemployeeretention-120702131700-phpapp01type=dw=640h=330]WHAT ARE THE CAUSES FOR HIGH EMPLOYEE CHURN?There are numerous reasons for higher employee churn. Certain causes are easier to manage, but there are also those, which can be difficult to control.The hard to manage reasons for high employee churn rate include:Harsh economic conditions in the area or the industry.Local labor market conditions.Both of these can be difficult to predict and therefore, organizations can find it hard to manage or prevent them.But certain operational factors also influence the employee churn rate and can be managed by a company.Non-rewarding job positions â€" Employees might feel pressure to leave for a more rewarding role.No route for career development â€" Employees don’t feel the organization offers the ability to ‘climb up the ladder’.Poor working conditions â€" Health and safety con cerns are not taken seriously by the organization and this can damage employee relations.Ill-natured role â€" The employee might also feel discouraged if the job is monotonous, dangerous or outright stressful.Poor employee and organization fit â€" Sometimes the employee and the organization just don’t have the same goals and work ethic.Poor communication or inadequate job training  â€" Inadequate communication within the organization can lead to loss of morale and if the employee is not properly trained for the role, they can also seek opportunities elsewhere.Poor leadership â€" It’s also important to examine the leadership and management style and culture within the organization, if turnover is high.Finally, it must be mentioned competition can also lead to increases in employee churn rate. If competitors offer better compensation packages or better career opportunities, employees might seek for positions in these organizations instead. It is important to stay on top of the com petition in order to keep the best employees within your organization.FIRST STEP TO DECREASE EMPLOYEE CHURN RATE: ANALYSE YOUR CURRENT SITUATIONBefore we examine the individual strategies your organization can implement to reduce employee churn, you first need to understand the current situation within your company. Understanding the current employee churn rate, as well as its effects, will make it easier to tackle them.There are three questions you must answer in order to understand your need for action.1. How high is your employee churn rate?You must first assess and measure the company’s churn rate and situation. The churn rate can be calculated by dividing the annual termination number by the average number of employees in the organization.For a more detailed take on the calculation, check the below video tutorial: The higher the churn rate, the bigger your problem. The severity of the rate depends a bit on your industry, as well as the other points discussed below, but you de finitely don’t want it to be above industry or the national average. For example, in the UK, the average churn rate is around 15% a year, but some industries might have higher churn averages.Once you know the churn rate, you should start examining the reasons behind it. Is it something specific within the organization making employees leave?2. What are the costs of your employee churn rate?Once you know the churn rate, you should calculate the cost of employee turnover. You need to look at your organization specifically and include any costs necessary for the calculation.For example, you need to count the cost of different strategies you might use to reduce the rate. If you increase employee benefits, then these need to be considered as part of the cost of employee churn rate.3. How can you decrease/prevent employee churn rate?Finally, you need to start considering the different ways to decrease and prevent employee churn rate. The above points will help you get started, as you un derstand the depth of the issue and the costs associated with it.Developing the right employee retention strategies involves an understanding of the company culture and often requires small or big changes within the organisation. Below we’ll provide you with five different strategies, which can all help reduce employee churn rate.FIVE STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING EMPLOYEE CHURNLet’s now examine some of the most effective strategies used for keeping employees happy and wanting to remain in your organization.Strategy 1: Hire the right fitOne of the easiest ways to stop employees leaving is to ensure they are the right fit for the company in the first place. Therefore, you can significantly reduce your churn rate by focusing more on the recruitment process.It’s important to clearly define the role and position you are recruiting for. You shouldn’t just focus on the required skill set, but the kind of candidate that would excel in this role. Aim to talk about the benefits to the cand idate as well, since you want the right candidates to apply. You need to explain the company culture and the vision to ensure it matches the candidate’s career goals.The recruitment process shouldn’t focus too much on skill testing. A proper recruitment process should instead include the following components:Behavior-based testingCompetency testingBackground checkOrganizational fit analysisFuture development analysisMotivational and goal oriented approachFurthermore, it’s beneficial to use trial periods on most roles, as they help you further assess the compatibility. This is not only beneficial to your organization, but also helps the candidate see whether they enjoy the role or not. Trial period will be less costly, even if the candidate decides to leave, than hiring someone and having him or her quit within a year.Finally, employee referrals should be a key tool in your recruitment process. Jobvite’s research shows HR executives consider referrals as the top source of qua lity hires. In addition, referral hires are proven more loyal, with 46% of referrals staying for over three years or more. For new hires from job boards, the rate is only 14%.Strategy 2: Improve career development and trainingYour organization also needs to continually motivate and challenge its employees. Improved career development and training can help employees feel more valued in their role. It can also give them a more positive outlook about future prospects. For example, training can tell the employee you are investing in them for the long haul.These training sessions and development plans are good at creating an environment of ‘looking towards the future’. The skills the employees gain feel important and they have a specific purpose and need in the future within your organization.The following slides will some basic insights on developing employees.[slideshare id=32823092doc=trainingdevelopment-140327143238-phpapp02w=640h=330]But training also has the important role of e nsuring the job doesn’t become too difficult for the employee. It provides support for the employee, as they feel they don’t have to solve new problems or challenges alone.Positive feedback should be part of your career development objectives as well. It is crucial to continuously communicate with the employee about their role and to do so in a constructive and supportive manner. You definitely shouldn’t only provide feedback when the employee does something wrong. In fact, it’s important to reward good behavior and support successes, even the smallest achievements.One auspicious strategy to consider is the implementation of a mentoring program. The mentoring program is a great way to provide support and create a goal-oriented feedback structure.Strategy 3: Focus on happy and flexible work cultureAn organization with an unhappy work culture is unlikely going to retain its employees. Even if the role is rewarding, the communication between co-workers and the general atmospher e at the company do play a major role in keeping employees motivated and excited to come to work.It’s crucial to guarantee the work culture is respectful and supportive. Everyone should feel welcomed in the workplace and equal in terms of the respect they enjoy.The focus of creating a positive work culture should be in:Establishing effective communication strategies. Information should flow easily between different departments and within a team. Employees at all levels should also have a clear channel to raise concerns without the fear of punishment.Providing enough support, especially during challenging times. Every organization will face difficulties and employees can face challenges in their personal lives. There should always be enough support available during challenges to guarantee the employee doesn’t feel alone.Creating a friendly and respectful work environment for all. Today’s companies include people from all walks of life â€" Workforce is often a mixture of men, wo men, young, old, and different ethnicities and religions also meet up at the workplace. It is essential to ensure there is no discrimination or bullying within the organization.Valuing employee effort adequately. This doesn’t simply refer to financial rewards, but also to a culture of positive feedback and praise.Your organization should also embrace flexibility. A flexible work environment is much less likely to leave employees feeling burnt out. Employees are also much more likely to stay in flexible work environment rather than work in an inflexible company.When you are transforming your organizations work environment, pay attention to the following points:Offer the option of flexible working hours whenever possible.Provide employees with the ability to occasionally work from home (if possible).Create a flexible holiday plan, which allows employees a bigger voice in deciding when they take a leave.Discuss work/life balance issues within the workplace and provide additional supp ort for employee’s who are struggling:This could be the option to share certain tasks with others.Receive medical help and consultation.Become a family friendly employer by offering different perks like:Corporate kindergarten, if your organization is big enough.Family flexible holidays around the time school holidays are.Proper parental leave options for both mothers and fathers.A study by the Boston College Center for Work Family found that 80% employees felt flexible workplace has positively affected retention rates. In another study, almost 40% of American adults surveyed said they have considered or left a job due to inflexibility.Strategy 4: Provide appropriate compensation and benefitsNaturally, there should also be enough focus on the financial compensation. Whilst a flexible and supportive work culture can be a great start for keeping employees happy, you also need to ensure the role is financially satisfying. Employees might find leaving a great work culture behind harde r, but if competitors are offering a lot more money, the better earnings potential might seal the deal.When considering the financial compensation, keep these two points in mind:Always aim to pay above the minimum wage. Employees will find it hard to stay motivated if they struggle financially, even though they put a lot of effort into the work they do.Consider competition as a benchmark. If your competition pays better, your best employees are more likely to leave.In addition, you should consider providing other long-term incentives for talented employees. These could be in the form of bonuses and different profit-sharing plans. Remember to regularly assess and adjust the compensation package to ensure you stay ahead of competition.Furthermore, financial compensation should also come in the form of different benefits and non-cash perks.For instance, you should offer appropriate health and welfare plans for the employees, including an adequate retirement plan. Other perks could be h elp with childcare or even house care. You could also offer different loyalty programs for travel or fitness schemes.Strategy 5: Embrace the wider communityFinally, your organization can reduce employee churn rate by being an active member of the wider community. Employees respect companies, which are focused on the common good and embracing a positive attitude towards helping local community groups.Your company should allow employees to partake in voluntary events, as this can improve the wider employee culture. For example, different voluntary events could include the families and local neighborhoods, which can help create a larger sense of belonging to a family.Embracing the wider community shows the employee that the company is doing something good. This can in return make them feel more appreciated. Corporate social responsibility can ensure employees don’t feel they are just a member of a faceless corporation, but an active member of a company, which is trying to achieve som ething positive.IN CONCLUSIONEmployee churn rate is something companies in today’s competitive business environment need to take seriously. Not only can high levels of employee churn result in knowledge and talent drainage, it can also have a dire financial effect on the company.It is therefore essential to properly understand the organizations churn rate and evaluate the reasons behind it. Organizations should focus on proactive strategies, which help create a more flexible and positive work culture and provide adequate support and financial compensation to their employees.By applying these strategies, companies can actively tackle the problems of employee churn.

Essay about Kants Formalism Theory - 716 Words

Kants Formalism Theory The theories of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, have had an impact on the formulation and shaping of ethics today. Immanuel Kant graced this earth from 1724 to 1804. During his eighty year life time, he formulated many interesting ideas regarding ethical conduct and motivation. Kant is strictly a non-consequentialist philosopher, which means that he believes that a persons choices should have nothing to do with the desired outcome, but instead mankind simply goes about doing good because it is morally correct. Kant theorizes that moral reasoning is not based on factual knowledge and that reason by itself can reveal the basic principles of morality. Ideas contemplated and developed and theorized by†¦show more content†¦If you want to reach a specific goal, then you will accomplish these tasks. On the other hand, categorical laws apply to everyone. Regardless of goals or desired outcome, the categorical imperative commands unconditionally. (Sh aw, 67) Kant developed another idea which exemplifies that of the categorical imperative. The principle of universal acceptability states that as rational, moral beings, individuals are bound by logic and its demands. Because logic is consistent, individuals all live by the same moral law. in order to determine whether a rule is a moral law, we can thus ask if the rule commands would be acceptable to all rational beings acting rationally. (Shaw, 67) Kants view of universal acceptability appears to be intertwined with echoes of the golden rule. Another famous theory developed by Kant further explaining the categorical imperative is the idea of humanity as an end and never merely as a means. Individuals should never treat someone a special way in an effort to get gain. In other words, Kant developed the theory we hear in nursery school of, treat others as you would like to be treated. Logically, this theory states that rational beings recognize their worth and the worth of oth ers. As a rational thinker, one would not want to be used as a means to an end. Immanuel Kants formalism theory poses many compelling and interesting points of view. On the surface, the categorical imperative seems to be a great measuring deviceShow MoreRelated Kants Formalism Theory Essay715 Words   |  3 Pages Kants Formalism Theory nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The theories of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, have had an impact on the formulation and shaping of ethics today. Immanuel Kant graced this earth from 1724 to 1804. During his eighty year life time, he formulated many interesting ideas regarding ethical conduct and motivation. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Kant is strictly a non-consequentialist philosopher, which means that he believes that a persons choices should have nothing to doRead MoreMorality via Kant and Hegel1712 Words   |  7 Pagesmoral intuitions rest solely on subjective, arbitrary grounds? With the lure of divine command theory fading from the Enlightenment and onwards, modern moral philosophy can be seen as an attempt to uncover either the criterion or its nonexistence. An endeavor in which few can be said to have been as influential as Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and his most trenchant critic, G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831). Kant’s deontological attempt to unearth this criterion rests on one of the most metaphysical and abstractRead MoreBenefits Of Collecting Dna From Felons1332 Words   |  6 Pagesdecreased over the years. My reason for this belief is that it is beneficial. There are two ethical theories that support my personal opinion on states collecting DNA from felons. One theory that supports my opinion is utilitarianism and the other ethical theory is ethical formalism. 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Within this essay, I will initially outline Kant’s first formulation of the Categorical ImperativeRead MoreMoral Theories Of Human Rights1614 Words   |  7 PagesAFRICA UNIVERSITY Institute of Peace Leadership and Governance: Master of Human Rights Peace and Development What do you understand under the philosophy of human rights and the reality of moral theories? PROF G. MENELICK : PHR 500 Laurelle Mbaradza 160563 Date _______________________________11 February 2017 ABSTRACT The paper gives a roadmap on the foundations of human rights from the mediaeval to modern times. It explains the need for one to understand the philosophical foundationsRead MoreKotchians Moral Dilemma1652 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatest number of people when he chose to prioritize the livelihood of the company versus his own. On the other hand, Kotchian’s action from a Formalist perspective was unethical; the bribes contradicted Kant’s categorical imperative. Utilitarian Perspective Utilitarianism is a theory of normative ethics holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximize utility, specifically defined as maximizing happiness and minimizing pain. The application of the utilitarian perspectiveRead MoreThe Legal Ethics Of The Unlicensed Engineer Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pagesethics are not just about whether or not one puts money before safety. This paper will nevertheless delve on the ethical issues raised by the case. However, the author will strive to highlight all the ethical standards, in addition to, citing several theories to advance his case. Charles Landers was found guilty of using his partner Henry Wilson’s professional seal in addition to forging signatures on at least 40 documents. Formerly Landers worked for Constructing Engineers as an anchorage assemblymanRead More Why Couldnt Kant Be A Utilitarian? Essay3254 Words   |  14 Pages ABSTRACT: In his essay Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?, R. M. Hare tries to show that Kants moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked if Kant could have been a utilitarian, though in fact he was not. I take seriously Hares challenge to the standard view because I find his reading on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kants moral philosophy. Still, I hardly believe that it is necessarily concluded from Hares reading thatRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1786 Words   |  8 Pagesabout what makes a good person. They also different views and some of the same views when it came to lying. One thought it should never be done. The other thought it should be used as a last resort. First, we will talk about Immanuel Kant. Kant s theory was a deontological one. This meant that he believed that the moral worth of an action in the action itself rather than in the consequences of the action. Kant believed that the good action is one in accordance with our duty. Mill, on the other handRead MoreEthical Views Of Kant And Nielsen3041 Words   |  13 PagesThe purpose of the paper is to compare ethical views of Kant and Nielsen. Both figures are quite noticeable in philosophy of ethics. The works of Kant stand out among the philosophical treatises on ethics. Kant’s ethics in many ways was the pinnacle of moral philosophy of modern times. Nielsen considered that philosophy is related to practical matters. Philosophy thinking includes abstract theorizing and practical action. Nielsen claims that morality cannot be grounded on religion, and that there

Book Review - 822 Words

BOOK REVIEW FREEDOM IS NOT FREE BY SHIV KHERA Submitted by: Particulars of the Book Title in full : Freedom is Not Free Written by : Shiv Khera Publisher : Macmillan India Ltd Price : Rs 295 Pages : 223 pages Aim 1. To review the book â€Å"FREEDOM IS NOT FREE â€Å"by Shiv Khera. About the Author 2. Shiv Khera, the author of the book is the founder of Qualified Learning System. He is an educator, business consultant, and a much sought after speaker. He has taken his dynamic personal massage to opposite sides of the†¦show more content†¦4. This book is a wakeup call for those Indians whose conscience has gone to sleep, but is not yet dead. It is also a call to action for those hearts beat and weeps for India. It is also a challenge for all of the readers-a challenge that will put us on the path of prosperity and development. In this book the author is encouraging every Indian to take the initiative in bringing glory to our country-India. Highlights of the Book 5. This book altogether contains 16 chapters, all cohesively interlinked and idea progressively carried forward, the first chapter beginning with â€Å"Pay it forward† and the last chapter being â€Å"Country First†. Here the author wanted every Indians to dream of a beautiful India, a compassionate and caring society, free from poverty and crime and an efficient Govt which leads the world in the field of business and technology and world look to us with amazement and pride. The author also felt that we have all the ingredient to create an ideal country – talented people, abundant natural resources, a functioning democracy an appetite for growth and development. But it has remained a dream only till now. 6. The author is also of the considered view that youths are pillars of the future for development and growth of the nation but this important pivot of the nation has remained dormant in a nation plagued by feeling of regionalism, communalism, casteism and the absence of a strongShow MoreRelatedFor this assignment I read the book reviews Limits of Endurance ‘Defiant,’ by Alvin Townley; He700 Words   |  3 PagesFor this assignment I read the book reviews Limits of Endurance ‘Defiant,’ by Alvin Townley; He Accused ‘An Officer and a Spy,’ by Robert Harris; Breaking In ‘The Burglary,’ by Betty Medsger. For the book review Limits of Endurance ‘Defiant,’ by Alvin Townley the reviewer seem to have thought fondly of this book while writing majority positive things about this novel. 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What is forensic science Free Essays

string(220) " states that the force of the ID \(the instinctive part of the mind\) is not sufficiently controlled by the ego \(the mediator between our desires and prohibitions of the superego, the area that controls our impulses\)\." Forensic science is one of the three applications of medical knowledge applied to solving crime, over recent years forensics has become more advanced and better technology used to assist in criminal cases. Forensics alone is not a preventative to crime but can be seen as a hindrance to criminal activity. Unless criminals become clever and become forensically aware, it would be impossible to leave some trace evidence at a crime scene. We will write a custom essay sample on What is forensic science? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forensics is not only just about finding the perpetrator(s) of a crime but can also be used to prove a persons innocence using DNA and forensic evidence. I’m sure those who have suffered a mis-carriage of justice fully appreciate being cleared of a crime they didn’t commit thanks to the use of DNA and other forensic techniques. Forensics used in conjunction with policing can provide vital evidence along with eyewitness statements, alibis etc to provide prosecution teams with the necessary evidence to convict. Collating information obtained from other crime scenes and producing a database for cross-reference is a major break-through. This allows police and other agencies to compare similar cases and possibly find links to previous unsolved cases. All the information is collected and placed on various databases stored for future reference. A forensic investigator must be impartial and assume no one is guilty unless the evidence states otherwise. They are not there to find the assailant but to collate any evidence from a crime scene, which is vital to naming the perpetrator. It certainly is a tool most useful in crime prevention and detection and in time will save the police a lot of time on cases trying to piece together all the evidence when specialist forensic teams can speed up this process through experience and knowledge. In turn moving on to other cases, spending less time on each case but still providing the same outcome. More cases solved, criminals will no doubt think twice about crime unless they want to get caught. With the help of the police and a pathologist (a scientist who is skilled in identifying the cause and progress of diseases by examining tissue and fluid from the body. Especially one who determines the cause of someone’s death by conducting an autopsy), together they investigate the cause of death with suspicious circumstances. The forensic scientist assists the pathologist by determining the blood type, DNA profile, identifying other samples such as hair, fibres, semen, and any other substances found on the body, which may have been deposited by the assailant. All evidence collected is vital in proving guilt or innocence. Other forms of forensic identification include: * Fingerprints – scraping debris from under the nail beds can sometimes contain relevant DNA. * DNA – DNA can be collected from blood samples or blood spatter and compared to the national DNA database where matches can be found. * Forensic Odontology – from teeth marks and bites, matches can be found through dental records or identification can be made from moulds made of teeth if no identity is known. * Facial Recognition system – this is identifying person(s) from photographs or video footage. By analysing specific actions i.e. style of walk. * Voice Recognition – if audio recording available, this can be analysed and compared to other voice samples for comparison. * Handwriting Analysis – by studying styles of writing, loops, height of letters etc it can be established if a signature is fake or real. * Ballistics analysis – identifying weapons used from bullet cartridges found, and looking for unusual markings that can tie a bullet to a particular weapon. Markings found on shell casings are like fingerprints but in the ballistics world, each weapon fired leaves distinctive markings. * Document Analysis – characterising the composition of the type of paper used and ink. The age of the paper can be established and the manufacturer. * Typewriters – the type can be identified by minor variations to the positioning and wear and each letter. * Paper shredders – unless a cross shredder is used; it is easy to piece together relevant documents for information. * Copiers – computer printers each have an identification number, which is embedded on printouts. Also computer printers have an individual banding pattern, which helps to identify a particular machine used to print a document. * Network Analysis – this involves using bank records, telephone records and postal records to check financial status and/or phone records to trace last phone numbers called or retrieve vital messages. * Radio Transceivers – can be identified by minute variations of their output signal. * CCTV – this is very useful as CCTV has been used in most major town centres and known hot spots where there is trouble. CCTV has been used to solve a number or valuable cases and is also useful in identifying automatic number plates recognition as it is linked to the DVLA database. * Computer Analysis – identification can be made via an IP address or MAC address. Using criminal psychology that uses psychological theories and methods of understanding, explaining and predicting criminal behaviour can assist the police in determining an assailant’s guilt or innocence. By examining their motivation and extreme behavioural habits they can assess the complexity and severity of what they are dealing with. Criminal psychologists do not work on the understanding that a person is solely driven by inner thoughts or ideas or controlled by other means. Mostly they concentrate on the theory of experience and learning as the main principle to explain their actions and accepting that their social conditions, unconscious motivations and their biological pre-dispositions are all factors. Many still pursue research into the theory of genetics relating to human behaviour. Is it possible that our genetic make-up is responsible in some way for our behaviour? It has been found that psychopaths have an extra Y chromosome instead of having the XY chromosome they have XYY, but this is not conclusive. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) looked at the theory of psychoanalysis arguing that unconscious forces drive behaviour and criminal behaviour is the result of these unresolved conflicts. He states that the force of the ID (the instinctive part of the mind) is not sufficiently controlled by the ego (the mediator between our desires and prohibitions of the superego, the area that controls our impulses). You read "What is forensic science?" in category "Papers" This is why he based all his theories on crime being a psychic rather than materialistic need. Freud originally tried to explain his workings of the mind in terms of physiology and neurology thinking as a scientist would. Freud’s methods of psychoanalysis were based on his theory that people have repressed, hidden feelings. The psychoanalyst’s goal is to make the patient aware of these subconscious feelings. Childhood conflicts that are hidden away by the patient become revealed to both the analyst and the patient, allowing the patient to live a less anxious, healthier life. Methods of hypnosis were originally used by Freud to find the cause for anxiety, but he dismissed them as being too inaccurate. He started to use methods of free association to delve into the patient’s sub-conscious. By assessing the patient’s reactions to the analyst’s suggestions, Freud saw that the analyst could help the patient become consciously aware of his repressed childhood conflicts and impulses. By interpreting the patient’s dreams, the analyst can provide an insight into the patient’s conflicts as well. The therapist’s interpretations of the patient’s free associations and dreams are known as psychoanalysis. Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, however, does have its problems. One of its drawbacks is that it is based on the assumption that repressed conflicts and impulses do in fact exist. Today this assumption is being challenged, and is provoking intense debate. Freud first developed these methods of psychoanalysis when he met with patients whose disorders did not make neurological sense. A patient, for example, may have suddenly gone blind. The problem is that there is no damage to either of his eyes. Freud began to wonder if this disorder might be psychological rather than physiological. A patient not wanting to see something that aroused anxiety might have caused his own blindness, he hypothesized. In order to find out what the anxiety stemmed from, he used methods of free association where the patient would say whatever came into his mind. Through the slips made when the patient was told to carry out the free-association process, and some of the patient’s beliefs and habits, Freud could delve into the patient’s subconscious. These thoughts produced a chain directly into the patient’s subconscious, and unearthed memories and feelings. This process soon became known as psychoanalysis. Freud also believed that dreams were an important way of getting into the patient’s subconscious. By analyzing dreams, he could reveal the basis of conflict within the patient. Freud believed the mind was made up of three main parts: the conscious, the preconscious, and the subconscious. The conscious region is the part that people are most aware of and what others can see. The preconscious region holds thoughts and feelings that a person can become aware of but that are mostly hidden away. Finally, the subconscious region consists of thoughts and feelings which are completely hidden away and which one is mostly unaware of. Some believe that the preconscious region is really a small part of the much larger subconscious region. Freud said that the mind is like an iceberg, with most of it, the subconscious, hidden away, and only a small part, the conscious, showing above the water, able to be seen. Why, then, would the majority of the mind be hidden; why is the subconscious region so much larger than the conscious region? Freud explained that the answer is that one forcibly blocks thoughts and feelings that he does not want others to become aware of. Although the person is not fully aware of these feelings, he still expresses them in disguise through the way he makes his choices. Using psychoanalytic methods, Freud was able, he said, to learn what feelings the patient had blocked and hidden in his subconscious. Freud developed one of his most famous theories of the mind when he realized the source of conflict in a person. He theorized that there were three interacting systems within the mind: the id, ego, and superego. The id is the largest part of the unconscious, and operates mainly on the need to gain pleasure and satisfaction. The ego can be seen as the moderator between the id and superego. Finally, the superego is the region of the mind that is mostly conscious. The superego forces the ego to consider the most ideal way of dealing with a problem. It is made up of morals, values, and culture’s influence on a person. The superego’s demands are very much opposed to those of the id, and it is the ego that must struggle to balance the ideas of the two. To live in a society one must be able to control the sexual impulses of the id. The roots of the anxiety in most of Freud’s patients, he discovered, had usually come from conflicts that they had been subject to in early childhood. He concluded that in a growing child, the id begins to focus on certain pleasure-seeking areas of the body. These areas Freud called the erogenous zones. So it seems that using a combination of forensic techniques, psychoanalysis and criminal profiling, together this makes a more accurate way to crime solving than just plain policing. As crimes become more creative in some cases, police and forensics need to have the means to manage and cope with the never-ending original scenarios. So as some criminals become more creative and aware of new technologies with forensics, so must the forensic teams ensure they are always one step ahead when it comes to analysing evidence and finding improved techniques and use technology to enhance an ever-increasing field. It has been suggested by many that maternal deprivation is a factor in producing criminals. Being deprived of any attachments and bonding create emotionless and non-affectionate individuals. Child-rearing techniques is an important area of research and seen as a preventative towards breeding more criminals. Forensics may be seen as a preventative in today’s society because it has become so vast that virtually anything can be analysed and identified by scientists. Ensuring you don’t leave any form of physical evidence at a crime scene is not impossible to get away with crime, but you would either have to have extensive knowledge of forensic science or be very meticulous or take time and a lot of preparation to ensure no DNA or trace evidence is left at the crime scene. I’m sure there are those that feel it is possible to create the perfect crime and never be caught, as we know some crimes remain unsolved due to lack of evidence or witnesses not reliable enough. How to cite What is forensic science?, Papers

The Detrimental Effects In Changing The Rent Control Act (390 words) Essay Example For Students

The Detrimental Effects In Changing The Rent Control Act (390 words) Essay The Detrimental Effects in Changing the Rent Control ActIn a just society, the ruling authority must decide what is right when allocating wealth to its individual citizens. The same ruling authority does this by intervening with the inner workings of a marketplace to uphold its fundamental values and ideals. The aim of government intervention is to create a just society that will reflect the peoples values. Governing bodies do this by establishing laws that enforce fairness or ?equity. The Ontario government passed the Rent Control Act in 1975. The law levels the playing field between landlords and tenants. New units are exempt from controls for their first five years after which the controls are put into place. The controls put a ceiling on annual rent increases. Under current law, a landlord may only increase a tenants rent by 2% plus inflation.1 As with all other markets, the housing market is based on supply and demand. If the nature of the market were allowed to take its course, then the price of housing would become unaffordable for most citizens. We will write a custom essay on The Detrimental Effects In Changing The Rent Control Act (390 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now An unfair situation would be created where power and money would be disproportionately appropriated to land owners. Rent control laws were established by previous governments to protect society and its people from inflated and uncontrollable housing costs. The Harris government now wants to repeal these laws. On June 25 the Minister of Housing, Al Leach, released a policy paper outlining the changes that are to be made to Ontarios rent laws. Conservative legislators plan to pass the proposed ?Tenant Protection Act in the fall. The omnibus legislation will rescind the Rent Control Act, the Landlord and Tenant Act, the Rental Housing Protection Act, Residents Rights Act, the Land Lease Statute Amendment Act, the Vital Services Act.2 The most objectionable change allows the act to lift controls off vacant units. The 3. 2 million renters in Ontario are very concerned about the changes.3 The housing ministry will accept written submissions from the public until August 30. Public hearings are also planned in hope that they will ease the transition. However, most people are indignant towards the idea. Changing the rent control laws would be detrimental to society as they threaten citizens positive right to affordable housing, harm their mobility rights and increase the gap between the rich and the poor.

20 Analytical Essay Topics Environmental Economics Terms to Build Your Essay on

20 Analytical Essay Topics Environmental Economics Terms to Build Your Essay on If you are tasked with writing an analytical essay on environmental economics, you might be wondering where you should begin. Of course, selecting your topic is the first place to go, but it can be a difficult challenge to find the ideal topic suitable to the page length required of you. It is for this reason that you will find 20 topics on environmental economics below which might be of use to you when you sit down to write your next analytical piece. Remember that not all of these are perfectly suited to your particular writing assignment, and for this reason you should review the instructions your teacher has provided before you start writing on one of them. If you have questions, never hesitate to ask your teacher if a topic is appropriate before you begin: What Factors Influence Perfect Competition for Environmental Economic Market Structures Which Buyers and Sellers Influence Environmental Economic Markets How Environmental Economic Monopolies are Created The Impact of Environmental Economic Market Oligopolies on the Economics of Your Country Perfect Competition among Environmental Economic Markets Price Discrimination in Environmental Economic Markets Peak and Off-Peak Pricing’s Impact on Environmental Economic Markets Single Price Monopolies and Environmental Economic Markets Price Discrimination Monopolies and Environmental Economic Markets CD Piracy Manufacturing and the Impact on Environmental Economic Markets Distinguishing Factors between Monopoly Environmental Economic Market Structures and Perfect Competition Externalities in Your Current Home Country Environmental Economic Market How Governments Address the Existence of Negative Externalities in Environmental Economic Markets How Deadweight Loss Results from Externalities in Environmental Economic Markets Options for Handling Negative Externalities in an Environmental Economic Market Monetary Gains Associated with Environmental Policy Compliance Profitability Associated with Emissions Caps Job Market Gains Associated with Environmental Policy Compliance Job Market Gains Associated with Environmental Research Profitability Associated with Environmental Policy Research Below is a sample essay written about one of the topics above, so that you have a better understanding of what you have to do for your next assignment writing on environmental economics. Sample Analytical Essay on CD Piracy Manufacturing and Its Impact on Environmental Economic Markets Today the environment has led to technological innovations, which have impacted the economy. The creation of new technologies which are in high demand has led to the exploitation of natural resources around the world, resources which have been taken from countries in need without a long term plan for the environmental damage that follows such moves. Legislation is slow to keep pace with the   manufacturing of CD’s for all music and software purposes has taken advantage of this gap in the race. By not having legislation or red tape to which they must adhere, companies have been allowed the freedom to explore and excavate all natural resources necessary for their technological development. That said, the impact this is having on the environment has been influenced heavily by the ebb and flow of the marketplace. Positive externalities are benefits which are infeasible to charge to provide while negative externalities are costs which are infeasible to charge to not provide. High CD’s production rates for music and software have led to a mass excavation of minerals and natural resources. With CD’s continuing to be in use, mass produced and sold for all manner of music and software, the environmental damages are ever increasing. Gasoline consumption, emissions from vehicles moving products around, electricity used to make the products, and natural resources taken from forests are all problems associated with the production of CD’s, not to mention disposal. Disposal is problematic given that CD’s are a mixture of many materials, some of which include metals and petroleum, as well as dyes, lacquers, and plastics. If these items are just thrown away they can pollute the groundwater and bring about negative health issues. The CD cases contain higher than normal rates of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which cause cancer. When they are incinerated they release harmful chemicals and sadly, incineration is the most popular disposal method of these items because they cannot be recycled and most countries lack proper disposal facilities. While the government does not control the industry, lawsuits from the recording industry have been allowed against citizens for illegally selling pirated content and technology. During these cases, the government has stood behind the music industries in allowing them to install tracking codes, allowing them to release warrants for people overseas. Of course, without things such as extradition, or compliance with local governments in foreign countries, no legal action is really being taken against those who engage in such environmentally damaging pursuits. There is also nothing being done by local governments to stop the development and mass production of legal music and electronics which also rely heavily on excavated natural minerals and resources overseas. That said, better laws in place to limit the excavation of natural resources, to reduce illegal piracy and manufacturing, would help to encourage mindful resource consumption. Overall, the environment has led to technological innovations whose impact has reached well into the economy of nations around the world. Creating new technologies and products like the mass distributed CD’s and electronics have led to the exploitation of natural resources around the world, resources which have been taken from countries in need without a long term plan for the environmental damage that follows such moves. Legislation has been slow in creation, which has allowed a time gap during which companies have been allowed the freedom to explore and excavate all natural resources necessary for their technological development. That being said, the impact this is having on the environment has been influenced heavily by the marketplace and the introduction of piracy for CD’s. With the newest regulations, it seems the environmental economic impact will be slowed at least for the time being but there remains a great deal that the governments of all countries can do. References: Berck, Peter, and Gloria E Helfand.  The Economics of the Environment. Boston: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2011. Print. Field, Barry C.  Environmental Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Print. Hackett, Steven C.  Environmental and Natural Resources Economics. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. Print. Kolstad, Charles D.  Environmental Economics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print. Mäler, Karl-Göran, and Jeffrey R Vincent.  Environmental Degradation and Institutional Responses. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003. Print. Mankiw, N. Gregory.  Principles of Microeconomics. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western, 2004. Print. Tietenberg, Thomas H.  Economics and Environmental Policy. Aldershot Hants [England]: E. Elgar, 1994. Print.

Jose Miguel Carrera - Biography of Jose Miguel Carrera

Jose Miguel Carrera - Biography of Jose Miguel Carrera Josà © Miguel Carrera Verdugo (1785-1821) was a Chilean general and dictator who fought for the patriot side in Chiles War for Independence from Spain (1810-1826). Together with his two brothers, Luà ­s and Juan Josà ©, Josà © Miguel fought the Spanish up and down Chile for years and served as head of government when breaks in the chaos and fighting allowed. He was a charismatic leader but a shortsighted administrator and a military leader of average skills. He was often at odds with Chiles liberator, Bernardo OHiggins. He was executed in 1821 for conspiring against OHiggins and Argentine liberator Josà © de San Martà ­n. Early Life Josà © Miguel Carrera was born on October 15, 1785 into one of the wealthiest and most influential families in all of Chile: they could trace their lineage all the way to the conquest. He and his brothers Juan Josà © and Luà ­s (and sister Javiera) had the best education available in Chile. After his schooling, he was sent to Spain, where he soon became swept up in the chaos of Napoleons 1808 invasion. Fighting against the Napoleonic forces, he was promoted to Sergeant Major. When he heard that Chile had proclaimed a provisional independence he returned to his homeland. Josà © Miguel Takes Control In 1811, Josà © Miguel returned to Chile to find it ruled by a junta of leading citizens (including his father Ignacio) who were nominally loyal to the still-imprisoned King Ferdinand VII of Spain. The junta was taking baby steps towards real independence, but not quickly enough for the hot-tempered Josà © Miguel. With the support of the powerful Larrain family, Josà © Miguel and his brothers staged a coup on November 15, 1811. When the Larrains tried to sideline the Carrera brothers afterwards, Josà © Manuel initiated a second coup in December, setting himself up as dictator. A Nation Divided Although the people of Santiago grudgingly accepted the dictatorship of Carrera, the people of the southern city of Concepcià ³n did not, preferring the more benign rule of Juan Martà ­nez de Rozas. Neither city recognized the authority of the other and civil war seemed certain to break out. Carrera, with the unwitting aid of Bernardo OHiggins, was able to stall until his army was too strong to resist: in March of 1812, Carrera attacked and captured the city of Valdivia, which had supported Rozas. After this show of force, the leaders of the Concepcià ³n military overthrew the ruling junta and pledged support to Carrera. The Spanish Counterattack While rebel forces and leaders had been divided among themselves, Spain was preparing a counterattack. The Viceroy of Peru sent Marine Brigadier Antonio Pareja to Chile with only 50 men and 50,000 pesos and told him to do away with the rebels: by March, Parejas army had swollen to some 2,000 men and he was able to capture Concepcià ³n. Rebel leaders formerly at odds with Carrera, such as OHiggins, united to fight off the common threat. The Siege of Chilln Carrera cleverly cut off Pareja from his supply lines and trapped him in the city of Chilln in July of 1813. The city is well-fortified, and Spanish commander Juan Francisco Snchez (who replaced Pareja after his death in May 1813) had some 4,000 troops there. Carrera laid an ill-advised siege during the harsh Chilean winter: desertions and death were high among his troops. OHiggins distinguished himself during the siege, driving back an attempt by the royalists to break through patriot lines. When the patriots managed to capture a part of the city, the soldiers looted and raped, driving more Chileans to support the royalists. Carrera had to break off the siege, his army in tatters and decimated. The Surprise of El Roble On October 17, 1813, Carrera was making plans for a second assault on the city of Chilln when a sneak attack by Spanish troops caught him unawares. As the rebels slept, royalists crept in, knifing the sentries. One dying sentry, Miguel Bravo, fired his rifle, alerting the patriots to the threat. As the two sides joined in battle, Carrera, thinking all was lost, drove his horse into the river to save himself. OHiggins, meanwhile, rallied the men and drove off the Spanish despite a bullet wound in his leg. Not only had a disaster been averted, but OHiggins had turned a probable rout into a well-needed victory. Replaced by OHiggins While Carrera has disgraced himself with the disastrous siege of Chilln and cowardice at El Roble, OHiggins had shone at both engagements. The ruling junta in Santiago replaced Carrera with OHiggins as commander-in-chief of the army. The modest OHiggins scored further points by supporting Carrera, but the junta was adamant. Carrera was named ambassador to Argentina. He may or may not have intended to go there: he and his brother Luà ­s were captured by a Spanish patrol on March 4, 1814. When a temporary truce was signed later that month, the Carrera brothers were freed: the royalists cleverly told them that OHiggins intended to capture and execute them. Carrera did not trust OHiggins and refused to join him in his defense of Santiago from advancing royalist forces. Civil War On June 23, 1814, Carrera led a coup that put him back in command of Chile. Some members of the government fled to the city of Talca, where they begged OHiggins to restore the constitutional government. OHiggins obliged, and met Luà ­s Carrera on the field at the Battle of Tres Acequias on August 24, 1814. OHiggins was defeated and driven off. It appeared that more warring was imminent, but the rebels once again had to face a common enemy: thousands of new royalist troops sent from Peru under the command of Brigadier General Mariano Osorio. Because of his loss at the battle of Tres Acequias, OHiggins agreed to a position subordinate to that of Josà © Miguel Carrera when their armies were united. Exiled After OHiggins failed to stop the Spanish at the city of Rancagua (in large part because Carrera called off reinforcements), the decision was made by patriot leaders to abandon Santiago and head into exile in Argentina. OHiggins and Carrera met again there: prestigious Argentine General Josà © de San Martà ­n supported OHiggins over Carrera. When Luà ­s Carrera killed OHiggins mentor Juan Mackenna in a duel, OHiggins turned forever on the Carrera clan, his patience with them exhausted. Carrera went to the USA to seek ships and mercenaries. Return to Argentina In early 1817, OHiggins was working with San Martà ­n to secure the liberation of Chile. Carrera returned with a warship that he had managed to acquire in the USA, along with some volunteers. When he heard of the plan to liberate Chile, he asked to be included, but OHiggins refused. Javiera Carrera, Josà © Miguels sister, came up with a plot to liberate Chile and get rid of OHiggins: brothers Juan Josà © and Luà ­s would sneak back into Chile in disguise, infiltrate the liberating army, arrest OHiggins and San Martà ­n, and then lead the liberation of Chile themselves. Josà © Manuel did not approve the plan, which ended in disaster when his brothers were arrested and sent to Mendoza, where they were executed on April 8, 1818. Carrera and the Chilean Legion Josà © Miguel went mad with rage at the execution of his brothers. Seeking to raise his own army of liberation, he collected some 600 Chilean refugees and formed the Chilean Legion and headed to Patagonia. There, the legion rampaged through Argentine towns, sacking and plundering them in the name of gathering resources and recruits for a return to Chile. At the time, there was no central authority in Argentina, and the nation was ruled by a number of warlords similar to Carrera. Imprisonment and Death Carrera was eventually defeated and captured by the Argentine Governor of Cuyo. He was sent in chains to Mendoza, the same city where his brothers had been executed. On September 4, 1821, he too was executed there. His final words were I die for the liberty of America. He was so despised by the Argentines that his body was quartered and put on show in iron cages. OHiggins personally sent a letter to the Governor of Cuyo, thanking him for putting down Carrera. Legacy of Josà © Miguel Carrera Josà © Miguel Carrera is considered by Chileans to be one of the founding fathers of their nation, a great revolutionary hero who helped Bernardo OHiggins win independence from Spain. His name is a bit besmirched due to his constant bickering with OHiggins, considered by Chileans to be the greatest leader of the independence era. This somewhat qualified reverence on the part of modern Chileans seems a fair judgment of his legacy. Carrera was a towering figure in Chilean independence military and politics from 1812 to 1814, and he did much to secure Chiles independence. This good must be weighed against his errors and shortcomings, which were considerable. On the positive side, Carrera stepped into an indecisive and fractured independence movement upon his return to Chile in late 1811. He took command, providing leadership when the young republic most needed it. The son of a wealthy family who had served in the Peninsular War, he commanded respect among the military and the wealthy Creole landowner class. The support of both of these elements of society was key to maintaining the revolution. During his limited reign as dictator, Chile adopted its first constitution, established its own media and founded a national university. The first Chilean flag was adopted during this time. Slaves were freed, and the aristocracy was abolished. Carrera made many mistakes as well. He and his brothers could be very treacherous, and they used devious schemes to help them remain in power: at the Battle of Rancagua, Carrera refused to send reinforcements to OHiggins (and his own brother Juan Josà ©, fighting alongside OHiggins) partly in order to make OHiggins lose and look incompetent. OHiggins later got word that the brothers planned to assassinate him if he had won the battle. Carrera was not nearly as skilled a general as he thought he was. His disastrous mismanagement of the Siege of Chilln led to the loss of a great portion of the rebel army when it was most needed, and his decision to recall the troops under the command of his brother Luà ­s from the battle of Rancagua led to a disaster of epic proportions. After the patriots fled to Argentina, his constant bickering with San Martà ­n, OHiggins and others failed to allow the creation of a unified, coherent liberation force: only when he went to the USA in search of aid was such a force allowed to form in his absence. Even today, Chileans cannot quite agree on his legacy. Many Chilean historians believe that Carrera deserves more credit for Chilean liberation than OHiggins and the topic is openly debated in certain circles. The Carrera family has remained prominent in Chile. General Carrera Lake is named after him. Sources: Concha Cruz, Alejandor and Maltà ©s Cortà ©s, Julio. Historia de Chile Santiago: Bibliogrfica Internacional, 2008. Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000. Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986. Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003.

Marketing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Strategies - Essay Example The main purpose of this essay is to develop an effective marketing strategy for Global Bikes Co. considering various significant aspects. The different major aspects include the identification of the target market, setting marketing objectives and the facets of marketing mix strategies of Global Bikes. Section 2: Target Market The target market for Global Bikes can be identified by executing certain market segmentation variables on the basis of four major categories that include demographic, psychographic, geographic and behavioural environment. The important market segmentation variable of the demographic environment is concerned with the aspect of age structure. Fundamentally, the demographic environment is very much important for the business organisations due to the fact that it significantly deals with certain vital components such as market size and population among others. In this regard, Global Bikes must consider the significant factors of age structure in relation to the s egmentation variable of demographic environment while implementing its marketing strategies. In this connection, the company should emphasise largely upon the different age groups of different people that include the teenage, children, young, old age and adults. Thus, it can be stated that the Global Bikes should target its customers or people belonging to the age group of 10-50 years that largely constitute the students, workers and children among others (Thomas, 2007). In terms of segmentation variable in relation to psychographic market environment, the Global Bikes should consider the lifestyle factor of the target consumers that generally include their attitudes, interests, emotions, values as well as beliefs. With the intention of developing effective marketing strategies, it is very much necessary for the business organisations such as Global Bikes to strictly consider the attitudes and the interests of the consumers regarding the purchase of their products. In this context, regarding psychographic market segmentation, the target market or the consumers of Global Bikes would be those customers who enthusiastically possess utmost interest towards the products such as bicycles and related accessories. This particular consideration upon the interests along with the attitudes of the customers on the basis of psychographic or lifestyle market segmentation ultimately would contribute to attain noteworthy competitive position along with expected business goals for the company (Wright, 2006). With due consideration to the behavioural market environment, Global Bikes should emphasise upon the segmentation variable of knowledge of particular products, adequate implementation of the products along with the development of understanding regarding the responses towards the different products that are generally represented by the customers. In this context, the behavioural aspects based market segmentation tends to encourage the marketer or the business organisation t o possess deeper understanding of the buying procedures of the customers. Moreover, the aspect of behavioural segmentation environment can also assist the business organisations to largely identify their potential target markets. The conception of behavioural segmentation generally include certain decisive facets such as adequate application of a specific brand, buying procedures of the customers, effective decision criterion and finally the attitudes along with the preferences of the decision makers (Beide, 2003). In terms of the

Voicing difference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voicing difference - Essay Example If the differences in gender were to be overcome, the whole process of how people think would have to be changed. If this were possible, then down the years, the word "gender" would no even be in usage! It is now vital here that we try to look at how this misconception was shaped in the minds of people in the first place. The disparity in gender generally starts with this accepted norm of delegating various roles according to sex. Even though it has been stated earlier that sex and gender are different, they are very much co-related. There are a set of rules accorded to women and likewise different ones for men. Women are usually seen as the care-givers while men, as the bread-winners. This process starts as soon as a person is born. Right from childhood a boy is expected to be inclined towards "manly" things that require exertion of strength that is derived from masculinity. On the contrary girls are supposed to be drawn towards activities and interests like cooking and dolls. If this distinction was somehow crossed, the wrong-doer would surely be chastised or at the very least warned like David is in "Go,Carolina", when he is told, "You don't want to be doing that, that's a girl thing."1.Therefore gender represses a person's natural reflexes. It makes one do something not because one wants to but b ecause one has to. Gender

Childhood Depression :: Psychological Treatment for Depressed Students

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most adults and many children and adolescents have a few bad days here and there, sometimes three or four in a row. When this happens, your mood is bad, you feel like jumping on people for nothing. You sleep, but you do not rest. You eat, but you are not hungry. Your life is one big chore. Everything that was fun is work and what usually is work is like walking with lead boots. Often you have stomach aches, headaches, aching, dizziness and other symptoms, but the doctors can not find anything wrong. When family and friends want to talk, you do not listen. If you can, you stay alone and wish they would all just go away. And you think about what you have got to do, and you wish you could put it off for ever. And about what you have done, and about what could go wrong, and how you could never live like this for 30 more years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course not everyone has all those symptoms every time. When people are clinically depressed, they have this for weeks, months, and often years. Nearly everyone knows someone who has been severely depressed as 6% of the world's population has had an episode of severe depression like this. Suicide occurs in 15% of depressed people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depression in school-age children may be one of the most overlooked and under treated psychological disorders of childhood, presenting a serious mental health problem. Depression in children has become an important issue in research due to its many emotional forms, and its relationship to self-destructive behaviors. Depressive disorders are of particular importance to school psychologists, who are often placed in the best position to identify, refer, and treat depressed children. Procedures need to be developed to identify depression in students to avoid allowing those children struggling with depression to go undetected. Depression is one of the most treatable forms of disorders, with an 80-90% chance of improvement if individuals receive treatment (Dubuque, 1998). On the other hand, if untreated, serious cases of depression in childhood can be severe, long, and interfere with all aspects of development, relationships, school progress, and family life (Janzen, & Saklofske, 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The existence of depression in school-age children was nearly unrecognized until the 1990's. In the past, depression was thought of as a problem that only adults struggled with, and if children did experience it, they experienced depression entirely different than adults did. Childhood Depression :: Psychological Treatment for Depressed Students   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most adults and many children and adolescents have a few bad days here and there, sometimes three or four in a row. When this happens, your mood is bad, you feel like jumping on people for nothing. You sleep, but you do not rest. You eat, but you are not hungry. Your life is one big chore. Everything that was fun is work and what usually is work is like walking with lead boots. Often you have stomach aches, headaches, aching, dizziness and other symptoms, but the doctors can not find anything wrong. When family and friends want to talk, you do not listen. If you can, you stay alone and wish they would all just go away. And you think about what you have got to do, and you wish you could put it off for ever. And about what you have done, and about what could go wrong, and how you could never live like this for 30 more years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course not everyone has all those symptoms every time. When people are clinically depressed, they have this for weeks, months, and often years. Nearly everyone knows someone who has been severely depressed as 6% of the world's population has had an episode of severe depression like this. Suicide occurs in 15% of depressed people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depression in school-age children may be one of the most overlooked and under treated psychological disorders of childhood, presenting a serious mental health problem. Depression in children has become an important issue in research due to its many emotional forms, and its relationship to self-destructive behaviors. Depressive disorders are of particular importance to school psychologists, who are often placed in the best position to identify, refer, and treat depressed children. Procedures need to be developed to identify depression in students to avoid allowing those children struggling with depression to go undetected. Depression is one of the most treatable forms of disorders, with an 80-90% chance of improvement if individuals receive treatment (Dubuque, 1998). On the other hand, if untreated, serious cases of depression in childhood can be severe, long, and interfere with all aspects of development, relationships, school progress, and family life (Janzen, & Saklofske, 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The existence of depression in school-age children was nearly unrecognized until the 1990's. In the past, depression was thought of as a problem that only adults struggled with, and if children did experience it, they experienced depression entirely different than adults did.

Infectious Disease

* What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. Hepatitis A is a contagious liver disease that comes from the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). There isn’t a treatment for the disease once you get it. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Hepatitis A is contracted from eating food and drinking water contaminated with human feces. Eating raw and undercooked fish that was in contaminated waters contribute to the disease. Sometimes eating raw produce that have been contaminated can also cause the illness. Foods that have been sitting out in the air and have had bacteria growth on it and eaten also contribute to the disease. * What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? * What are the clinical symptoms, duration of the disease, and treatment if any? During Hepatitis A some symptoms of the disease are fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay colored bowel movements and joint pain. In 70% of the cases Jaudice is the most common symptom. Symptoms can last up to 2 months. The average time of incubation is 28 days. Once contracted, there is no treatment. The individual has the illness to run its course. * What steps can be taken to prevent further outbreaks? Include individual as well as environmental precautions and methods. To prevent further outbreaks, people should have good hygiene including wash their hands often especially when they deal with food preparation. There has also been a vaccination created for Hepatitis A that is given to children between their first and second birthday. Others that should get vaccinated are men having sex with men, people traveling to Central and Southern America, Mexico, Asia (except Japan), Africa and eastern Europe and people that use street drugs. Once you are immune to Hepatitis A you can’t get it again. To prevent the spread of Hepatitis A in water, chlorine is added to the water in US.

The Advancement Of Women s Sports - 964 Words

The progress towards gender equity in competitive sports hasn’t been a straightforward route. On one hand, some claim that equality cannot be achieved, attempting to use the excuse of biological differences (both psychological and physical) between the sexes. On the contrary, though, persisting stereotypes, less pay, and lack of opportunity to play still plague many women who are trying to enter the field of competitive sports. These hindrances are unfair, prejudiced, and discriminatory. They cannot--and should not--continue. Perhaps the most notable inequality in sports is the underrepresentation of women in media. According to a study carried out by the U.N., the broadcast of women’s sports covers only 2% of all sports broadcasting,†¦show more content†¦Sports are about teamwork and being able to achieve a goal, not about the way your makeup looks or which brand of clothing you wear. Moreover, in sports, women are paid less than men and face difficulty with representation and budgets. According to the Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, only 12 out of 125 members of the International Olympic Committee are women (Parliamentary Assembly, 2005). This is barely 9.6%--not even one in ten. More importantly, though, Discrimination against women is particularly perceptible in the realm of pay. Fourteen of the delegations which replied to the questionnaire said that pay, prize-money and bonuses were awarded by national authorities on the basis of athletes merits and performances. Yet the rewards granted by the federations themselves, and more particularly those offered by private sponsors (possibly motivated by a need to achieve profitability) are often left out of the statistics. The information supplied by the delegations nevertheless seems to indicate that, with a few notable exceptions, these rewards are far less for women than for men (Parliamentary Assembly, 2005). Sexism has taken place in many fields for a long time. In the job market, though, one crucial fact is that your gender cannot affect your pay. However, in sports, females still receive different wages . . . and budgets,