20 Analytical Essay Topics Environmental Economics Terms to Build Your Essay on

20 Analytical Essay Topics Environmental Economics Terms to Build Your Essay on If you are tasked with writing an analytical essay on environmental economics, you might be wondering where you should begin. Of course, selecting your topic is the first place to go, but it can be a difficult challenge to find the ideal topic suitable to the page length required of you. It is for this reason that you will find 20 topics on environmental economics below which might be of use to you when you sit down to write your next analytical piece. Remember that not all of these are perfectly suited to your particular writing assignment, and for this reason you should review the instructions your teacher has provided before you start writing on one of them. If you have questions, never hesitate to ask your teacher if a topic is appropriate before you begin: What Factors Influence Perfect Competition for Environmental Economic Market Structures Which Buyers and Sellers Influence Environmental Economic Markets How Environmental Economic Monopolies are Created The Impact of Environmental Economic Market Oligopolies on the Economics of Your Country Perfect Competition among Environmental Economic Markets Price Discrimination in Environmental Economic Markets Peak and Off-Peak Pricing’s Impact on Environmental Economic Markets Single Price Monopolies and Environmental Economic Markets Price Discrimination Monopolies and Environmental Economic Markets CD Piracy Manufacturing and the Impact on Environmental Economic Markets Distinguishing Factors between Monopoly Environmental Economic Market Structures and Perfect Competition Externalities in Your Current Home Country Environmental Economic Market How Governments Address the Existence of Negative Externalities in Environmental Economic Markets How Deadweight Loss Results from Externalities in Environmental Economic Markets Options for Handling Negative Externalities in an Environmental Economic Market Monetary Gains Associated with Environmental Policy Compliance Profitability Associated with Emissions Caps Job Market Gains Associated with Environmental Policy Compliance Job Market Gains Associated with Environmental Research Profitability Associated with Environmental Policy Research Below is a sample essay written about one of the topics above, so that you have a better understanding of what you have to do for your next assignment writing on environmental economics. Sample Analytical Essay on CD Piracy Manufacturing and Its Impact on Environmental Economic Markets Today the environment has led to technological innovations, which have impacted the economy. The creation of new technologies which are in high demand has led to the exploitation of natural resources around the world, resources which have been taken from countries in need without a long term plan for the environmental damage that follows such moves. Legislation is slow to keep pace with the   manufacturing of CD’s for all music and software purposes has taken advantage of this gap in the race. By not having legislation or red tape to which they must adhere, companies have been allowed the freedom to explore and excavate all natural resources necessary for their technological development. That said, the impact this is having on the environment has been influenced heavily by the ebb and flow of the marketplace. Positive externalities are benefits which are infeasible to charge to provide while negative externalities are costs which are infeasible to charge to not provide. High CD’s production rates for music and software have led to a mass excavation of minerals and natural resources. With CD’s continuing to be in use, mass produced and sold for all manner of music and software, the environmental damages are ever increasing. Gasoline consumption, emissions from vehicles moving products around, electricity used to make the products, and natural resources taken from forests are all problems associated with the production of CD’s, not to mention disposal. Disposal is problematic given that CD’s are a mixture of many materials, some of which include metals and petroleum, as well as dyes, lacquers, and plastics. If these items are just thrown away they can pollute the groundwater and bring about negative health issues. The CD cases contain higher than normal rates of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which cause cancer. When they are incinerated they release harmful chemicals and sadly, incineration is the most popular disposal method of these items because they cannot be recycled and most countries lack proper disposal facilities. While the government does not control the industry, lawsuits from the recording industry have been allowed against citizens for illegally selling pirated content and technology. During these cases, the government has stood behind the music industries in allowing them to install tracking codes, allowing them to release warrants for people overseas. Of course, without things such as extradition, or compliance with local governments in foreign countries, no legal action is really being taken against those who engage in such environmentally damaging pursuits. There is also nothing being done by local governments to stop the development and mass production of legal music and electronics which also rely heavily on excavated natural minerals and resources overseas. That said, better laws in place to limit the excavation of natural resources, to reduce illegal piracy and manufacturing, would help to encourage mindful resource consumption. Overall, the environment has led to technological innovations whose impact has reached well into the economy of nations around the world. Creating new technologies and products like the mass distributed CD’s and electronics have led to the exploitation of natural resources around the world, resources which have been taken from countries in need without a long term plan for the environmental damage that follows such moves. Legislation has been slow in creation, which has allowed a time gap during which companies have been allowed the freedom to explore and excavate all natural resources necessary for their technological development. That being said, the impact this is having on the environment has been influenced heavily by the marketplace and the introduction of piracy for CD’s. With the newest regulations, it seems the environmental economic impact will be slowed at least for the time being but there remains a great deal that the governments of all countries can do. References: Berck, Peter, and Gloria E Helfand.  The Economics of the Environment. Boston: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2011. Print. Field, Barry C.  Environmental Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Print. Hackett, Steven C.  Environmental and Natural Resources Economics. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. Print. Kolstad, Charles D.  Environmental Economics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print. Mäler, Karl-Göran, and Jeffrey R Vincent.  Environmental Degradation and Institutional Responses. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003. Print. Mankiw, N. Gregory.  Principles of Microeconomics. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western, 2004. Print. Tietenberg, Thomas H.  Economics and Environmental Policy. Aldershot Hants [England]: E. Elgar, 1994. Print.

Jose Miguel Carrera - Biography of Jose Miguel Carrera

Jose Miguel Carrera - Biography of Jose Miguel Carrera Josà © Miguel Carrera Verdugo (1785-1821) was a Chilean general and dictator who fought for the patriot side in Chiles War for Independence from Spain (1810-1826). Together with his two brothers, Luà ­s and Juan Josà ©, Josà © Miguel fought the Spanish up and down Chile for years and served as head of government when breaks in the chaos and fighting allowed. He was a charismatic leader but a shortsighted administrator and a military leader of average skills. He was often at odds with Chiles liberator, Bernardo OHiggins. He was executed in 1821 for conspiring against OHiggins and Argentine liberator Josà © de San Martà ­n. Early Life Josà © Miguel Carrera was born on October 15, 1785 into one of the wealthiest and most influential families in all of Chile: they could trace their lineage all the way to the conquest. He and his brothers Juan Josà © and Luà ­s (and sister Javiera) had the best education available in Chile. After his schooling, he was sent to Spain, where he soon became swept up in the chaos of Napoleons 1808 invasion. Fighting against the Napoleonic forces, he was promoted to Sergeant Major. When he heard that Chile had proclaimed a provisional independence he returned to his homeland. Josà © Miguel Takes Control In 1811, Josà © Miguel returned to Chile to find it ruled by a junta of leading citizens (including his father Ignacio) who were nominally loyal to the still-imprisoned King Ferdinand VII of Spain. The junta was taking baby steps towards real independence, but not quickly enough for the hot-tempered Josà © Miguel. With the support of the powerful Larrain family, Josà © Miguel and his brothers staged a coup on November 15, 1811. When the Larrains tried to sideline the Carrera brothers afterwards, Josà © Manuel initiated a second coup in December, setting himself up as dictator. A Nation Divided Although the people of Santiago grudgingly accepted the dictatorship of Carrera, the people of the southern city of Concepcià ³n did not, preferring the more benign rule of Juan Martà ­nez de Rozas. Neither city recognized the authority of the other and civil war seemed certain to break out. Carrera, with the unwitting aid of Bernardo OHiggins, was able to stall until his army was too strong to resist: in March of 1812, Carrera attacked and captured the city of Valdivia, which had supported Rozas. After this show of force, the leaders of the Concepcià ³n military overthrew the ruling junta and pledged support to Carrera. The Spanish Counterattack While rebel forces and leaders had been divided among themselves, Spain was preparing a counterattack. The Viceroy of Peru sent Marine Brigadier Antonio Pareja to Chile with only 50 men and 50,000 pesos and told him to do away with the rebels: by March, Parejas army had swollen to some 2,000 men and he was able to capture Concepcià ³n. Rebel leaders formerly at odds with Carrera, such as OHiggins, united to fight off the common threat. The Siege of Chilln Carrera cleverly cut off Pareja from his supply lines and trapped him in the city of Chilln in July of 1813. The city is well-fortified, and Spanish commander Juan Francisco Snchez (who replaced Pareja after his death in May 1813) had some 4,000 troops there. Carrera laid an ill-advised siege during the harsh Chilean winter: desertions and death were high among his troops. OHiggins distinguished himself during the siege, driving back an attempt by the royalists to break through patriot lines. When the patriots managed to capture a part of the city, the soldiers looted and raped, driving more Chileans to support the royalists. Carrera had to break off the siege, his army in tatters and decimated. The Surprise of El Roble On October 17, 1813, Carrera was making plans for a second assault on the city of Chilln when a sneak attack by Spanish troops caught him unawares. As the rebels slept, royalists crept in, knifing the sentries. One dying sentry, Miguel Bravo, fired his rifle, alerting the patriots to the threat. As the two sides joined in battle, Carrera, thinking all was lost, drove his horse into the river to save himself. OHiggins, meanwhile, rallied the men and drove off the Spanish despite a bullet wound in his leg. Not only had a disaster been averted, but OHiggins had turned a probable rout into a well-needed victory. Replaced by OHiggins While Carrera has disgraced himself with the disastrous siege of Chilln and cowardice at El Roble, OHiggins had shone at both engagements. The ruling junta in Santiago replaced Carrera with OHiggins as commander-in-chief of the army. The modest OHiggins scored further points by supporting Carrera, but the junta was adamant. Carrera was named ambassador to Argentina. He may or may not have intended to go there: he and his brother Luà ­s were captured by a Spanish patrol on March 4, 1814. When a temporary truce was signed later that month, the Carrera brothers were freed: the royalists cleverly told them that OHiggins intended to capture and execute them. Carrera did not trust OHiggins and refused to join him in his defense of Santiago from advancing royalist forces. Civil War On June 23, 1814, Carrera led a coup that put him back in command of Chile. Some members of the government fled to the city of Talca, where they begged OHiggins to restore the constitutional government. OHiggins obliged, and met Luà ­s Carrera on the field at the Battle of Tres Acequias on August 24, 1814. OHiggins was defeated and driven off. It appeared that more warring was imminent, but the rebels once again had to face a common enemy: thousands of new royalist troops sent from Peru under the command of Brigadier General Mariano Osorio. Because of his loss at the battle of Tres Acequias, OHiggins agreed to a position subordinate to that of Josà © Miguel Carrera when their armies were united. Exiled After OHiggins failed to stop the Spanish at the city of Rancagua (in large part because Carrera called off reinforcements), the decision was made by patriot leaders to abandon Santiago and head into exile in Argentina. OHiggins and Carrera met again there: prestigious Argentine General Josà © de San Martà ­n supported OHiggins over Carrera. When Luà ­s Carrera killed OHiggins mentor Juan Mackenna in a duel, OHiggins turned forever on the Carrera clan, his patience with them exhausted. Carrera went to the USA to seek ships and mercenaries. Return to Argentina In early 1817, OHiggins was working with San Martà ­n to secure the liberation of Chile. Carrera returned with a warship that he had managed to acquire in the USA, along with some volunteers. When he heard of the plan to liberate Chile, he asked to be included, but OHiggins refused. Javiera Carrera, Josà © Miguels sister, came up with a plot to liberate Chile and get rid of OHiggins: brothers Juan Josà © and Luà ­s would sneak back into Chile in disguise, infiltrate the liberating army, arrest OHiggins and San Martà ­n, and then lead the liberation of Chile themselves. Josà © Manuel did not approve the plan, which ended in disaster when his brothers were arrested and sent to Mendoza, where they were executed on April 8, 1818. Carrera and the Chilean Legion Josà © Miguel went mad with rage at the execution of his brothers. Seeking to raise his own army of liberation, he collected some 600 Chilean refugees and formed the Chilean Legion and headed to Patagonia. There, the legion rampaged through Argentine towns, sacking and plundering them in the name of gathering resources and recruits for a return to Chile. At the time, there was no central authority in Argentina, and the nation was ruled by a number of warlords similar to Carrera. Imprisonment and Death Carrera was eventually defeated and captured by the Argentine Governor of Cuyo. He was sent in chains to Mendoza, the same city where his brothers had been executed. On September 4, 1821, he too was executed there. His final words were I die for the liberty of America. He was so despised by the Argentines that his body was quartered and put on show in iron cages. OHiggins personally sent a letter to the Governor of Cuyo, thanking him for putting down Carrera. Legacy of Josà © Miguel Carrera Josà © Miguel Carrera is considered by Chileans to be one of the founding fathers of their nation, a great revolutionary hero who helped Bernardo OHiggins win independence from Spain. His name is a bit besmirched due to his constant bickering with OHiggins, considered by Chileans to be the greatest leader of the independence era. This somewhat qualified reverence on the part of modern Chileans seems a fair judgment of his legacy. Carrera was a towering figure in Chilean independence military and politics from 1812 to 1814, and he did much to secure Chiles independence. This good must be weighed against his errors and shortcomings, which were considerable. On the positive side, Carrera stepped into an indecisive and fractured independence movement upon his return to Chile in late 1811. He took command, providing leadership when the young republic most needed it. The son of a wealthy family who had served in the Peninsular War, he commanded respect among the military and the wealthy Creole landowner class. The support of both of these elements of society was key to maintaining the revolution. During his limited reign as dictator, Chile adopted its first constitution, established its own media and founded a national university. The first Chilean flag was adopted during this time. Slaves were freed, and the aristocracy was abolished. Carrera made many mistakes as well. He and his brothers could be very treacherous, and they used devious schemes to help them remain in power: at the Battle of Rancagua, Carrera refused to send reinforcements to OHiggins (and his own brother Juan Josà ©, fighting alongside OHiggins) partly in order to make OHiggins lose and look incompetent. OHiggins later got word that the brothers planned to assassinate him if he had won the battle. Carrera was not nearly as skilled a general as he thought he was. His disastrous mismanagement of the Siege of Chilln led to the loss of a great portion of the rebel army when it was most needed, and his decision to recall the troops under the command of his brother Luà ­s from the battle of Rancagua led to a disaster of epic proportions. After the patriots fled to Argentina, his constant bickering with San Martà ­n, OHiggins and others failed to allow the creation of a unified, coherent liberation force: only when he went to the USA in search of aid was such a force allowed to form in his absence. Even today, Chileans cannot quite agree on his legacy. Many Chilean historians believe that Carrera deserves more credit for Chilean liberation than OHiggins and the topic is openly debated in certain circles. The Carrera family has remained prominent in Chile. General Carrera Lake is named after him. Sources: Concha Cruz, Alejandor and Maltà ©s Cortà ©s, Julio. Historia de Chile Santiago: Bibliogrfica Internacional, 2008. Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000. Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986. Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003.